Lactarius Pers.

Lactarius Pers.

Boyle, H. and F. Buscot (1997). Differentiation of Lactarius obscuratus var. radiatus and Lactarius omphaliformis by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Mycologia Helvetica. 9(1): 79-84.
Restriction analyses of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions of the similar-looking ectomycorrhizal fungi Lactarius obscuratus var. radiatus and L. omphaliformis support the validity of their present status as separate taxa, as based on morphological characters. De Bernardi, M., L. Garlaschelli, et al. (1993). The chemical basis of hot-tasting and yellowing of the mushrooms Lactarius chrysorrheus and Lactarius scrobiculatus. Tetrahedron. 49(7): 1489-1504.
The chemical background behind yellowing and pungent taste of Lactarius chrysorrheus and L. scrobiculatus has been investigated. The intact fruit bodies originally contain a fatty acid ester of velutinal (i.e. compound 2b and 2a, respectively) as the only sesquiterpenoid. When the fruit bodies are injured the esters are enzymatically converted into sesquiterpene furans, mono- and di- aldehydes, and lactones, which have been isolated and their structures elucidated. These compounds have been submitted to conformational analysis by molecular mechanics and 1H NMR in order to make correct stereochemical assignments. The pungent taste of the fruit bodies of both species is due to a new dialdehyde, chrysorrhedial (9), while a new triene-enolactone (8) is involved in the change of the color.

Enzlin Roeland, S. and E. Noordeloos Machiel (1995). Will the real little sheep stand up now? Coolia. 38(3): 115-116.
A preliminary key to the species of Lactarius section Albati is provided.

Fujimoto, H., Y. Nakayama, et al. (1993). Identification of immunosuppressive components of a mushroom, Lactarius flavidulus. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 41(4): 654-658.
Three metabolites having a suppressive effect on proliferation of mouse lymphocytes stimulated with mitogens such as concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were isolated from a mushroom, Lactarius flavidulus, and identified as geranylphenols, flavidulols A, B and C, respectively, which had previously been isolated from the same mushroom. The IC-50 values of flavidulols A, B and C were found to be 8.9, 4.9 and 36.3 mu-g/ml against Con A-induced proliferation of mouse lymphocytes, and 6.7, 3.9 and 28.3 mu-g/ml against LPS-induced proliferation, respectively.

Karhula, P., M. Harkonen, et al. (1998). Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses: 6. Lactarius. Karstenia. 38(2): 49-68.
Seventy-two specimens of Lactarius were collected in Tanzania between 1990-1995. The material contained 27 species of which 15 had not been described. Two of these, Lactarius denigricans Verbeken & Karhula and L. densifolius Verbeken & Karhula have been described since then and three more species, L. xerampelinus Karhula & Verbeken, L. tananicus Karhula & Verbeken and L. volemoides Karhula are described here. In addition, all the identified species of Lactarius in Tanzania are listed and annotated. Many Lactarius species are considered edible in Tanzania although there are a range of opinions among the different tribes some of which are contradictory.

Kernaghan, G., R. S. Currah, et al. (1997). Russulaceous ectomycorrhizae of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii. Canadian Journal of Botany. 75(11): 1843-1850.
During a 3-year study of the ectomycorrhizal fungi of subalpine forests in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies, species of Russula and Lactarius were conspicuous mycobionts of both erect and krummholz forms of Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and Picea engebnannii Parry. Morphological identifications of Russulaceous mycorrhizae were confirmed by comparing polymerase chain reaction amplified ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer region) with that of sporocarp tissue. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using AluI, HhaI, HinfI, and RsaI gave a distinctive profile for each of 14 Russulaceous sporocarps and facilitated the identification of five mycorrhizae. Mantles formed by Lactarii (Lactarius alnicola, Lactarius caespitosus, and Lactarius deliciosus var. areolatus) exhibit characteristic laticifers and pigments comparable to the associated sporocarp. Those formed by species of Russula (R. brevipes and R. silvicola) bear distinctive cystidia or sulphovanillin-reactive cells. Kraigher, H., R. Agerer, et al. (1995). Ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius lignyotus on Norway spruce, characterized by anatomical and molecular tools. Mycorrhiza. 5(3): 175-180.
The ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius lignyotus on Norway spruce are comprehensively described by morphological and anatomical characteristics. Identification of ectomycorrhizae was performed by tracing mycelia to the fruitbodies and also by molecular tools, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the fungal DNA. The newly described ectomycorrhiza is compared to ectomycorrhiza of the related Lactarius picinus. The amplified DNA products of the two fungi and their ectomycorrhizae could be distinguished by characteristic fragments after digestion with Hinf1. Leon Guzman Maria, F., I. Silva, et al. (1997). Proximate chemical composition, free amino acid contents, and free fatty acid contents of some wild edible mushrooms from Queretaro, Mexico. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 45(11): 4329-4332.
Some wild edible mushrooms, Amanita rubescens (Ar), Boletus frostii (Bf), Lactarius indigo (Li), and Ramaria flava (Rf), were analyzed to determine their proximate analysis and free amino acid and free fatty acid contents. The proximate composition was determined by AOAC and AACC methods. Total free amino acids were extracted (methanol/chloroform/water) at room temperature, purified on a cation resin, and derivatized with trifluoracetic anhydride. Free fatty acids were obtained by a Soxtec extraction with chloroform/methanol (2: 1) and derivatized to their methyl ester form. The identification and quantitation of all compounds were performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The protein contents of the analyzed mushrooms (17.5, 15.8, 13.2, and 14.5%, respectively) were more significant than wheat (13.2%). The total free amino acid range of all analyzed edible mushrooms was 23.17- 47.41 mg/g. A. rubescens had the largest amounts of glutamic acid, lysine, and alanine (17.53, 6.95, and 2.79 mg/g, respectively). The total free fatty acid composition (32.96-109.69 mg/g) were significantly different among all species, and on a quantitative basis, they were predominantly unsaturated in nature. A. rubescens presented the highest levels of C18: 1 and C18:2, which were 69.3 and 21.7 mg/g, respectively, on a dry weight basis, followed by B. frostii. Mehmann, B., S. Egli, et al. Coincidence between molecularly or morphologically classified ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and fruitbodies in a Spruce forest. Biotechnology of ectomycorrhizae: Molecular approaches. Stocchi V. Bonfante P. Nuti M. (Eds) (233 Spring Street: Plenum Press) 41 52.
No Abstract available.

Montoya, L., M. Bandala Victor, et al. (1996). New and interesting species of Lactarius from Mexico including scanning electron microscope observations. Mycotaxon. 57(0): 411-424.
Lactarius salmoneus var. curtisii (Coker) Hesler & A. H. Sm., L. veraecrucis Sing. and L. volemus (Fr.) Fr. var. volemus are reported from new localities in Mexico, this latter also recorded from Guatemala. In addition L. chiapanensis is described as new species; it is an edible fungus occurring in a tropical forest at S Mexico.

Noordeloos, C. (1997). How to recognize Lactarius species? Coolia. 40(3): 172-187.
An introduction is given to the genus Lactarius, with particular emphasis on how to recognize the genus and most of the species in the field. The important macroscopic characters, such as latex, taste, smell and pileus surface, are discussed. A practical key based on macroscopic characters makes it possible to identify most of the species or species complexes occurring in the Netherlands. Tables group the species according to mycorrhizal partner and latex colour. The most important iconographies and the identification literature are surveyed.

Sesli, E. (1998). Ten new records of macrofungi for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany. 22(1): 43-50.
Spathularia flavida Pers.: Fr., Tremella foliacea (Pers.: S.F. Gray) Pers., Sebacina incrustans (Fr.) Tul., Albatrellus cristatus (Pers.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., Hygrocybe sciophana (Fr.) Karst., Hygrophorus ligatus Fr., Hygrophorus unicolor Groger, Hypholoma epixanthum (Fr.) Quel . Inocybe olida R. Mre. and Lactarius flavidus Boud. were collected from the Trabzon region and identified as new records for the macrofungal flora of Turkey.

Sweeney, M., M. A. Harmey, et al. (1996). Detection and identification of Laccaria species using a repeated DNA sequence from Laccaria proxima. Mycological Research. 100(12): 1515-1521.
A repetitive 319 bp DNA probe (LpM21) has been selected and cloned from the genomic library of an isolate of the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria proxima. This probe hybridizes strongly with digested DNAs of all isolates of Laccaria species (except L. tortilis) and shows unique RFLP patterns in all of the isolates tested. The probe discriminates between Laccaria and other ectomycorrhizal fungi as it does not hybridize with DNA of isolates of Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Paxillus involutus, Lactarius sp. and Russula sp. UPGMA analysis of a similarity coefficient matrix of EcoR I- digested DNA of 12 isolates of Laccaria species hybridized with the probe has revealed two distinct clusters with one divided into several subclusters. This cluster analysis has grouped the isolates of Laccaria species according to the general taxonomy of this genus. The probe can be used to further our understanding of the population dynamics of ectomycorrhizal associations of trees.

Verbeken, A. (1996). Studies in tropical African Lactarius species. 4. Species described by P. Hennings and M. Beeli. Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 53(1): 49-79.
Type studies and illustrated descriptions are given of the tropical African Lactarius (Russulaceae) species described by Hennings (1902) and Beeli (1927-1936) which were not included in Heim's monographs (1938, 1955). L. badius Verbeken nom. nov., L. russulaeformis (Beeli) Verbeken comb. nov. and L. kalospermus (Beeli) Verbeken & Walleyn comb. nov. are proposed. L. congolensis Beeli is shown to be an earlier name for both L. craterelloides R. Heim & Gooss.-Font. and L. unicolor Gooss.-Font. & R. Heim which are identical, L. russulaeformis is an earlier name for L. pellicularis R. Heim, L. annulatoangustifolius (Beeli) Buyck is an earlier name for L. pandani R. Heim, and both L. pandani f. intermedius and L. pandani f. pallidus are concluded to be synonyms of L. pelliculatus (Beeli) Buyck. L. zenkeri (Henn.) Singer is neotypified and L. goossensiae Beeli and Lactarius sesemotani (Beeli) Buyck are lectotypified. Finally, Lentinus clitocyboides Henn. is not based on Lactarius, as suggested by Pegler (1983), but on Russula.

Verbeken, A. and J. Vesterholt (1998). A new Lactarius species from Scandinavia in the section Dapetes. Cryptogamie Mycologie. 19(1-2): 87-91.
Lactarius fennoscandicus nov. sp. is described from Sweden and Finland as a Picea-associated member of the section Dapetes, characterized by a usually strongly zonate cap, with lilac greyish tinges mixed with brownish orange, and locally greenish, by a bright orange milk which is slowly reddening and by remarkably small spores.

Verbeken, A. (1998). Studies in tropical African Lactarius species: 6. A synopsis of the subgenus Lactariopsis (Henn.) R. Heim emend. Mycotaxon. 66(0): 387-418.
An emendation of the subgenus Lactariopsis (Henn.) R. Heim is proposed, based on studies from 11 African species. Nine species are classified in the sections Lactariopsidei Singer ex Singer and Chamaeleontini Verbeken sect. nov.; two species, Lactarius indusiatus Verbeken and L. pruinatus Verbeken & Buyck sp. nov., are provisionally not classified at section level. The temperate section Albati (Bat.) Singer emend. Hesler & A.H. Sm. (group of Lactarius vellereus) is also included in this subgenus. A key to the species of each section is given, as well as a check-list of die African species in this subgenus. The relationships of the Chamaeleontini with Russula subsect. Amoeninae Singer ex Buyck, and Lactariopsis with the genus Pleurogala, are discussed.

Under construction.