Ganoderma P. Karst


Ganoderma P. Karst

Anselmi, N. and M. Bragaloni (1992). A method to identificate wood decay Basidiomycetes by using enzymatic comparisons. Micologia Italiana. 21(2): 15-20.
The paper deals with the attempts of classification of wood decay Basidiomycetes by using enzyme patterns obtained with electrophoresis techniques. Fifteen different enzymes were analyzed on 8 species of fungi: the Agaricales, Armillaria mellea, A. ostoyae, A. tabescens and Pleurotus ostreatus; the Aphyllophorales, Cerrena unicolor, Ganoderma applanatum, Hetetrobasidion annosum and Inonotus dryadeus. Only two enzymes, of the 15 analyzed, were identified in the Armillaria species, the esterase (EST) and the glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). Unfortunately the results were not repeatable. In regard to the other five species of fungi a very good differentiation was obtained particularly by using esterase (EST) and acid phosphatase (ACP).

Hseu Ruey, S., M. Moncalvo Jean, et al. (1996). Application of PCR-amplified DNA to differentiate the Ganoderma isolates. Journal of the Chinese Agricultural Chemical Society. 34(2): 129-143.

Polysaccharides are rich in cell walls of the Ganoderma species. These compounds have been considered as a potential source of the immunomodulatory factor. These polysaccharides interfere with several molecular and genetic techniques. This presentation describes molecular biological methods in detail using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which enables identification and understanding of the differentiation of Ganoderma isolates. First, we describe a method to isolate DNA from both mycelia and basidiocarps which removes most of the polysaccharides which may interfere with the PCR reaction. Then, we describe a procedure for PCR amplification and cycle-sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal gene (rDNA), which differentiates between Ganoderma species. Strains of the G. tsugae complex sharing an identical ITS sequence can be differentiated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) produced with arbitrary primers following a procedure that is described here. These procedures together with the oligonucleotide primers used in this work should also be appropriate for molecular identification of allied polypore fungi. Hseu Ruey, S., H. Wang Hsi, et al. (1996). Differentiation and grouping of isolates of the Ganoderma lucidum complex by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR compared with grouping on the basis of internal transcribed spacer sequences Two Ganoderma species compared. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62(4): 1354-1363.
Laccate polypores of the Ganoderma lucidum species complex are widespread white rot fungi of economic importance, but isolates cannot be identified by traditional taxonomic methods. Parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the ribosomal gene (rDNA) distinguished six lineages in this species complex. Each ITS lineage may represent one or more putative species. While some isolates have identical ff S sequences, all of them could
Ganoderma applanatum and G. australe are compared with reference to spores, cuticle, tube layers, pores, context, galls, colour and the angle and diameter of cap margin. The most reliable criteria for separating the two species were found to be the presence (or lack) of context between annual tube layers, spore size and cuticle thickness.

Le, X. T. (1998). A phylogenetic hypothesis of the Ganodermataceae based on a possible mode of basidiospore evolution. Mycotaxon. 69(0): 1-12.
Different types of basidiospore of Ganodermataceae from Vietnam are illustrated, and basidiospore morphology in the family is reviewed. Typical "ganodermoid", "humphreyoid", "amauroderm-oid" and "haddowioid" basidiospores respectively characterize genera Ganoderma, Humphreya, Amauroderma and Haddowia. From the observation of intermediate forms of basidiospores, the author proposes a phylogenetic hypothesis in the Ganodermata-ceae based on a possible mode of evolution of the basidiospore.

Leonard Ann, C. (1998). Two Ganoderma species compared. Mycologist. 12(2): 65-68.
Ganoderma applanatum and G. australe are compared with reference to spores, cuticle, tube layers, pores, context, galls, colour and the angle and diameter of cap margin. The most reliable criteria for separating the two species were found to be the presence (or lack) of context between annual tube layers, spore size and cuticle thickness.

Li, Y., T. Ai, et al. (1993). Studies on microscopic identification of Chinese herbal medicine Xuduan. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 18(5): 265-269, 317.
The roots tissue structure and macerated material of 6 species and one variety of Dipsacus that are D. asperoides, D. daliensis, D. lijiangensis D. atropunpureus, D. japonicus, D. fulingensis were surveyed and compared systematically, and the identification standards were set up exactly and trustworthily.

Moncalvo, J. M. and L. Ryvarden (1995). Ganoderma hildebrandii, a forgotten species. Mycotaxon. 56(0): 175-180.
Ganoderma hildebrandii Henn., G. nigrolucidum (Lloyd) Reid and G. leucocreas Pat. & Har. are described and compared. These species are known only from Africa and are characterized by centrally stipitate, shiny black basidiocarps and strongly dextrinoid hyphae. G. nigrolucidum was found to be a synonym of G. hildebrandii while for the time being G. leucocreas is maintained as a distinct species. Both species may be intermediate between Ganoderma and Amauroderma. Moncalvo Jean, M., F. Wang Huei, et al. (1995). Gene phylogeny of the Ganoderma lucidum complex based on ribosomal DNA sequences: Comparison with traditional taxonomic characters. Mycological Research. 99(12): 1489-1499.
A gene phylogeny of 29 isolates of the C. lucidum complex collected in temperate and subtropical areas was produced by parsimony analysis from nucleotide sequence data or the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal gene and from divergent domain D2 of the large ribosomal subunit gene, and serves as hypothesis of natural relationships between taxa. Results were compared with morphological, ecological, cultural and mating data. They show that extensive convergence or parallelism of morphological characters has occurred during Ganoderma evolution, but also that remarkable morphological difference may occur with little divergence time. Monophyletic groups correlate fairly well with geographical origin of the taxa and/or host relationships. Phylogenetically related isolates have similar culture characteristics but they may share these characteristics with distant taxa. Therefore, culture characters are less polymorphic than morphological characters between recently diverged taxa, but are useless in recognizing monophyletic groups. Isolates belonging to the same biological species were monophyletic with one exception. A species concept based on monophyly and potential evidence of genetic isolation is proposed, and taxonomy of the G. lucidum complex is revised. Collections named G. lucidum in North America and in Asia are not conspecific with European G. lucidum. The sister group of European G. lucidum is an Argentinean taxon labelled G. oerstedii, North American G. lucidum is related to a Formosan isolate identified as G. boninense. G. tsugae is absent from Taiwan and probably also from Japan and China, although it was commonly reported there. G. tsugae belongs to a lineage restricted to coniferous forests in the more Northern latitudes, of which the taxonomy remains unresolved (the G. valesiacum complex). Correct naming and distribution of several taxa are still to be investigated. From observation of distribution of taxa within monophyletic groups it is speculated that laccate Ganoderma may have originated in the tropics. Moncalvo Jean, M., H. Wang Hsi, et al. (1995). Phylogenetic relationships in Ganoderma inferred from the internal transcribed spacers and 25S ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycologia. 87(2): 223-238.
Over 250 species have been described in Ganoderma. Species identification and species circumscription are often unclear and taxonomic segregation of the genus remains controversial. In this study we sequenced the 5' half of the 25S ribosomal RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers to determine appropriate regions to i) discriminate between Ganoderma species and ii) infer taxonomic segregation of Ganoderma s. lato (Ganodermataceae) on a phylogenetic basis. We studied 19 Ganoderma isolates representing 14 species classified in 5 subgenera and sections, one isolate of the related genus Amauroderma, and one isolate of Fomitopsis which served as the outgroup in parsimony analysis. Results showed that a transition bias was present in our data, and that rates of nucleotide divergence in the different ribosomal regions varied between lineages. Independent and combined analyses of different data sets were performed and results were discussed. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers, but not those of the coding regions, distinguished between most Ganoderma species, and indicated that isolates of the G. tsugae group were misnamed. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data sets of the divergent domain D2 of the 25S ribosomal RNA gene and of the internal transcribed spacers indicated that subgenus Elfvingia was monophyletic, whereas sections Characoderma and Phaeonema were not. Combined data from these regions is useful for infrageneric segregation of Ganoderma on a phylogenetic basis. Phylogenetic analysis from data of the D2 region alone strongly supported Amauroderma as a sister taxon of Ganoderma. This suggested that the D2 region should be suitable for systematics at higher taxonomic ranks in the Ganodermataceae. The low sequence variation observed in the 25S ribosomal gene within Ganoderma species suggested that the genus is young.

Park Dong, S., J. Ryu Young, et al. (1996). The genetic relationship analysis of Ganoderma spp. using the PCR- RFLP and RAPD. RDA Journal of Agricultural Science Biotechnology. 38(2): 251-260.
The genetic relationship analysis of 28 isolates, 12 species belonging to the genus Ganoderma was carried out using RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). The resulting phenograms of genetic relatedness showed similar patterns by two different methods. Slightly different band patterns were observed within Ganoderma lucidum group by RAPD. PCR amplification of ITS (Internal transcribed spacers) and IGR (Internal generic region), however, showed almost all the same patterns except one. Restriction enzyme treated band patterns of the PCR amplified ITS and IGR, but not coding regions, could discriminate most Ganoderma species. One of these results is presumed that some of the G. tsugae group might be synonym with G. lucidum. From the above results, it is concluded that phylogenetic analysis of combined data set from these methods is promising in many ways.

Wu Sheng, H., L. Ryvarden, et al. (1997). Antrodia camphorata ("niu-chang-chih"), new combination of a medicinal fungus in Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 38(4): 273-275.
A new combination, Antrodia camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Shena H. Wu, Ryvarden & T.T. Chang, is proposed for Ganoderma comphoratum M. Zang & C.H. Su, a name originally based on a polypore with contaminating Ganoderma spores. Antrodia cinnamomea T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou is reduced to a taxonomic synonym of A. camphorata. The species is famous and highly valued in Taiwan as a medicine, and is restricted to a Taiwanese endemic tree species, Cinnamomum kanehirai.