Cladosporium Link
Atalla, M. M. and K. N. El Din (1993). Isolation and identification of fungi associated with feed stuffs and determination of mycotoxin producing ability. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology. 28(2): 193-199.
A general survey was carried out during the period 1987/88 on the microflora associated with animal feedstuffs collected from different factories in east Alger. A total number of 139 fungal isolates were obtained and classified in 12 different genera, namely: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cordana, Cunninghamella, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Mycotypha, Penicillium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Rhopalomyces. Aspergillus isolates were found most widely distributed in the samples. They were 68.3% of the total isolates obtained. Aspergillus ochraceus was 36.8% of the Aspergillus isolated and 25% of the total fungal isolates. Isolates were tested for their ability to produce antibiotics in culture media. All were capable of producing different levels of toxins active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Subsequent investigations have revealed that the majority of fungal organisms included in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are able to produce ochratoxins.

Braun, U. (1994). Studies on Ramularia and allied genera (VII). Nova Hedwigia. 58(1-2): 191-222.
The present paper contains taxonomic notes on various species of the Ramularia/Cercosporella complex. The following new species and varieties are described: Cladosporium mimulicola spec. nov., Entylomella veronicae-cymbalariae spec. nov., Neoramularia oregana spec. nov., Phacellium hydrangeacearum spec. nov., P. sessile spec. nov., Pseudodidymaria clematidis spec. nov., Ramularia anaphalidicola spec. nov., R. aristolochiae spec. nov., R. arnicalis-montanae spec. nov., R. caricis spec. nov., R. mimuli var. proliferata var. nov., R. lomatiicola spec. nov., R. osmorrhizae spec. nov., R. poagena spec. nov., R. pseudorubella spec. nov. and R. serotina var. stomaticola var. nov. The new genus Monodidymaria gen. nov. (type species: Ramularia canadensis) is introduced. Furthermore, 37 new combinations and new names are proposed. The present paper, the final issue of this series, is a preparatory work for a monograph of the Ramularia/Cercosporella complex. Some new taxa are described. The taxonomic status of numerous additional species is discussed and new combinations are introduced. These taxa are only briefly described. Detailed descriptions will be published in the monographic treatment of Ramularia, Cercosporella and allied genera.

Braun, U. and T. Rogerson Clark (1995). Phytoparasitic Hyphomycetes from Utah (USA): II. Sydowia. 47(2): 141-145.
Cladosporium agoseridis sp. nov. is described and the new combination Passalora platyspora is introduced. Some species new to North America and new hosts are recorded.

Curtis Mark, D., J. Gore, et al. (1994). The phylogeny of the tomato leaf mould fungus Cladosporium fulvum syn. Fulvia fulva by analysis of rDNA sequences. Current Genetics. 25(4): 318-322.
The nucleotide sequence of part of the ribosomal DNA from races of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and other Cladosporium species have been determined. Comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of several C. fulvum races showed complete sequence homology suggesting a recent evolutionary divergence. Comparisons of these nucleotide sequences in the ITS region with those of other Cladosporium species showed the close relationship within the Cladosporium genus. Using the nucleotide sequence of part of the 18s ribosomal subunit from these isolates and comparing them with sequences of some Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Chytridiomycetes, obtained from GenBank, we infer the phylogeny of the Cladosporium species studied here. Our analysis shows that the Cladosporia form a monophyletic group which falls within the order Ascomycotina.

Cvetnic, Z. and S. Pepeljnjak (1997). Distribution and mycotoxin-producing ability of some fungal isolates from the air.” Atmospheric Environment. 31(3): 491-495.
Research was carried out on presence and prevalence of common fungal air spores at locations in Croatia. The sampling method employed in the study was by exposure 350 of Petri agar plates to the air for 10 min. Approximately 3400 colonies were found and mould spores belonging to 22 fungal genera were identified. Cladosporium (44.7%), Penicillium (34.4%), Alternaria (26.3%), Aspergillus (21.6%) and Absidia (12.2%) were the most prevalent fungi encountered. Investigation of toxigenic potential of airborne fungi isolates of genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Trichoderma showed 16.9% mycotoxin-producing strains. The production of aflatoxin B-1 by i, sterigmatocystin by i, zearalenon and T-2 toxin by i and diacetoscirpenol by strains of T. viride were obtained.

David, J. C. (1995). IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No. 1227: Cladosporium Magnusianum. Mycopathologia. 129(1): 53-54.
No Abstract available.

David, J. C. (1997). A contribution to the systematics of Cladosporium: Revision of the fungi previously referred to Heterosporium. International Mycological Institute Mycological Papers. 0(172): 1-157.
A revision of the 139 names that have been referred to Heterosporium Klotzsch ex Cooke since its introduction in 1877 is presented for the first time. The generic concept of Cladosporium Link: Fr. is redefined, based on data from morphological studies at both electron and light microscopic levels, and a subgeneric classification is proposed. Heterosporium is recognized at the subgeneric rank as Cladosporium subgen. Heterosporium (Klotzsch ex Cooke) J.C. David stat. nov., but many fungi originally described in Heterosporium are reduced to synonymy with known species in subgen. Cladosporium. This has resulted in a partial review of the more common species of Cladosporium, most notably the C. herbarum aggregate. A third subgenus, Bistratosprium J.C. David subgen. nov., is described for an unusual species with multi-layered conidial walls. Twenty-one species of Cladosporium are treated, with descriptions of telemorphs were available, and keys to the subgenera and species are provided. The interpretation of many names is secured through lectotypification. Further taxa are excluded from Cladosporium and, where possible, they have been fully investigated to determine their appropriate placement. One new genus (Laocoon) and one new species (C. heleophilum) are described; six new combinations (Cladosporium auriculae, C. coryphae, C. ferox, C. robiniae, C. trillii and Laocoon paradoxus) are proposed.

De Hoog, G. S., E. Gueho, et al. (1995). Nutritional physiology and taxonomy of human-pathogenic Cladosporium-xylohypha species. Journal of Medical & Veterinary Mycology. 33(5): 339-347.
Physiological profiles of type, authentic and some additional isolates of CladosporiumXylohypha species of purported herpotrichiellaceous relationship are established. This group comprises melanized catenate hyphomycetes which are prevalently found on the human host. The species are excluded from the genus Cladosporium and are classified in the genus Cladophialophora. Taeniolella boppii is also transferred to this genus. Cladosporium bantianum ( = Xylohypha emmonsii) and C. trichoides are considered conspecific and are now referred to as Cladophialophora bantiana. Meso-erythritol, L-arabinitol, ethanol and growth at 40 degree C are found to be the most useful criteria for species distinction. The species Cladosporium carrionii is found to be heterogeneous. The anamorph of the saprophytic ascomycete Capronia pilosella is morphologically similar to an authentic strain of Cladosporium carrionii, but physiologically distinct. A diagnostic key for the recognized Cladophialophora species and to morphologically similar taxa is provided.

Dugan Frank, M. and G. Roberts Rodney (1994). Morphological and reproductive aspects of Cladosporium macrocarpum and C. herbarum from bing cherry fruits. Mycotaxon. 52(2): 513-522.
Absence of major morphological discontinuities characterized a series of isolates of Cladosporium macrocarpum and C. herbarum. Conidial size, degree of septation, and relative nodosity of conidiophores all decreased along a series from the former to the latter species. Termini of the series were well separated morphologically and morphometrically. Isolates toward the macrocarpum terminus of the series produced pseudothecia under experimental conditions, whereas isolates toward the herbarum terminus produced sclerotium-like bodies. Based upon the observed morphological continuum from C. herbarum to C. macrocarpum and lacking any evidence that gene flow is restricted between the two taxa, we accept the previously proposed synonymy of C. macrocarpum with C. herbarum.

Dugan Frank, M., G. Roberts Rodney, et al. (1995). New and rare fungi from cherry fruits. Mycologia. 87(5): 713-718.
Capronia hystrioides sp. nov. (anamorph Phaeoramularia hachijoensis) was isolated from cherry fruit. Also isolated were Sporormiella subticinensis comb. nov., Leptodiscella africana, and Cladosporium malorum, a synonym of C. porophorum.

Eltem, R. and M. Oner (1995). Mold flora on natural block olives in brine. Turkish Journal of Biology. 19(1): 11-17.
The mold flora of 55 different samples of natural black olives in brine collected from the Aegean and Marmara regions of Turkey belonging to the 1987, 1988 production years were examined. A total of 30 morphologically different mold strains were isolated by using "dextrose-peptone agar" medium with streptomycin. Fifteen of these isolates were identified as Penicillium, eleven as Aspergillus, two as Alternaria and one as Cladosporium. The average mold count of the examined olives was 5.80 times 10-4 cfu/g and the average percentage of infected olives was 41%.

Ghildiyal, J. C. (1993). Mycoflora of decomposing leaf litter in a subtropical freshwater swamp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B 63(2): 207-211.
Fungi associated with the angiospermic litter under the process of decomposition in a freshwater swamp were isolated by direct observations and culture plate method. 34 fungal species representing 19 genera were isolated during the study. Some fungal species were specific to the litter of a particular plant species. The mycoflora was composed of 23.5% phycomycetes, 3.0% ascomycetes and 73.5% deuteromycetes.

Gravesen, S., C. Frisvad Jens, et al. Microfungi. Microfungi. Gravesen S. Frisvad J C. Samson R A. (Authors) (35 Norre Sogade: Munksgaard) 168p.

This handbook describes the most common filamentous fungi, the molds, encountered in daily life. The work provides a general introduction to the molds, including the definition of fungus, biodeterioration, biotechnology, toxins and toxicoses, allergies, infections, and descriptions of 34 common microfungi belonging to the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Botrytis, Candida, Cladosporium, Emericella, Epicoccum, Eurotium, Fusarium, Mucor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys, Thamnidium, Trichoderma, Ulocladium, and Wallemia. Each description contains the scientific name, the derivation of the scientific name, synonymy, a color plate of the mold cultured in culture medium, an electron micrograph of the organism, a complete written description, ecology, metabolites, damaging effects, and practical application or uses. Color photographs, diagrams, and line-drawings further supplement the text.

Kuznetsova Tatyana, A., A. Afiyatullov Shamil, et al. (1998). Sterols from a marine isolate of the fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 26(3): 365-366.
No Abstract available.

Okada, K., K. Takizawa, et al. (1996). Ubiquinone systems of the genus Cladosporium and morphologically similar taxa.” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 16(1): 39-43.
The ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) systems of 14 species of Cladosporium were determined. The genus was divided into two groups based on the distribution of the major ubiquinones, Q-10 and Q-10(H-2). The group containing Q-10 consisted of six species, four of which were human pathogens, whereas the group containing Q-10(H-2) consisted of eight plant pathogenic and/or saprophytic species. The results presented here agree with phylogenetic and physiological studies which have shown that the human-pathogenic species of Cladosporium represent a homogeneous, cohesive group.

Ostrowski, R., B. Meyer, et al. (1998). Isolation, identification, and characterization of the allergenic potential of molds in house dust. Zentralblatt fuer Hygiene und Umweltmedizin. 201(1): 26.
No Abstract available.

Sunesson Anna, L., H. J. Vaes Wouter, et al. (1995). Identification of volatile metabolites from five fungal species cultivated on two media. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61(8): 2911-2918.
Five fungal species, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium commune, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Paecilomyces variotii, and Phialophora fastigiata, were cultivated on two media, malt extract agar and dichloran glycerol agar. Culture flasks provided with inlet and outlet tubes were used and purified, and humidified air was constantly led through the flasks. Air samples from the cultures were sorbed on Tenax GR and analyzed by thermal desorption- gas chromatography. The produced volatile metabolites were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Various hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, sulfur-containing compounds, and terpenes were identified. The most commonly produced substances were 2-methyl-1- propanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylfuran, and dimethyl disulfide. The production was highly dependent on both medium and species.

Takeo, K., G. S. De Hoog, et al. (1995). Conidial surface ultrastructure of human-pathogenic and saprobic Cladosporium species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 68(1): 51-55.
Freeze-fracturing of outer wall layers of Cladosporium conidia revealed two types of ultrastructure, coinciding with taxonomic characteristics. The outer conidial layers were essentially smooth in the human pathogenic species, C. bantianum, C. carrionii, and C. trichoides. In contrast, mosaic arrays of rodlets on conidia were observed with freeze-fracturing in the saprobic species, C. cladosporioides, C. coralloides, C. herbarum, C. sphaerospermum, and C. variabile. Conidia of C. elatum were an exception among the saprobic species as they had smooth surfaces. The present study supports the suggestion that the human pathogenic Cladosporium species should be transferred to another genus.
Under construction.