Beauvaria Vuill.

Beauvaria Vuill.
Allen, G. E., G. L. Greene, et al. (1971). An epizootic of Spicaria rileyi on the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, in Florida. Florida Entomologist 54(2): 189-191.
An epizootic caused by the entomogenous fungus Beauvaria (Spicaria) rileyi occurred among populations of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hb. on soy beans in Florida in August and September 1970. The outbreak was monitored at Quincy, where environmental conditions favouring development of the fungus prevailed during July-September. The development of the epizootic was related to the build-up of the insect population and the development and dissemination of the fungus. Several generations were required before sufficient spores became available to control the insect population.

Beaumont, F., H. F. Kauffman, et al. (1985). Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the North-East Netherlands. II. Comparison of aerobiological data and skin tests with mould extracts in an asthmatic population., Allergy 40(3): 181-186.
Atmospheric samples were taken weekly with an Andersen sampler, from Apr. 1981 to June 1983. At the same time skin tests of 833 patients, with recurrent bronchial obstructive complaints and a suspected allergy, were studied for strongly positive skin reactivity to fungi. Positive reactions (a wheal of more than or equal to 10 mm dia. to one or more of the tested fungi) were recorded in 4.6% of the patients. Almost three-quarters of the airborne fungal flora was composed of 7 taxa (in order of occurrence): Cladosporium, Botrytis, yeasts, Penicillium, basidiomycetes, Aspergillus, Alternaria. In skin-testing, however, the order of occurrence was: Beauvaria, Botrytis, Aspergillus, Mucor, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Alternaria. It is concluded that the most prevalent airborne moulds are not necessarily the most potent allergens.

Enescu, L., A. Dascalu, et al. (1973). Biostimulating effect (in fowl) of Beauvaria bassania. Lucrari Stiintifice. II. Zootehnie Medicina Veterinara: 162-165.

Frolov, B. A. (1974). Chemical and biological methods of controlling poultry ectoparasites. Veterinariya, Moscow(12): 66-68.
Three biological products were available in the USSR for ectoparasite control; two of them (Entobakterin and Dendrobacillin) were preparations of spores and endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and the third (Boverin) conidiospores of the fungus Beauvaria bassiana. These were active, alone or in combination with chemical pesticides, against Mallophaga. In controlling ectoparasites it was important to bear in mind ecological factors that inhibited or interrupted the life cycle, and to integrate pesticidal treatment with these factors.

Goodwin, S. and M. A. Pettit (1994). Acalolepta vastator (Newman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) infesting grapevines in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales: 2. Biology and ecology. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 33(4): 391- 397.
Research into seasonal development of fig longicorn, Acalolepta vastator, demonstrated an annual life cycle with adults emerging between October and March, with a 12-21 d pre-ovipositional period and longevity up to 6 months. Peak adult emergence occurred in January and February and male: female sex ratio varied between 1:1 and 1:2. Males outnumbered females in the early emergence period, whilst females were more numerous between January and March. Peak oviposition also occurred between January and March, with the base of young vine canes on main or secondary arms less preferred as an oviposition site (49%) than the trunk (51%). Data indicated that while, on average, 2.25 eggs were laid per female and up to six new egg laying sites may be selected per vine, only 0.8 mature larvae per vine survived. Egg hatch with a 60% success rate took 2-4 d and early larval development occurred on and just under the surface of the bark during the first four instars. Nine larval instars were identified with a mean total larval period of 38 weeks. Pupae were recorded from August and had a developmental period of around 20 d. No parasites or predators were recorded, but Beauvaria bassiana did infect a small number of larvae during wet conditions in the field. Data show that 75% of mature larvae occur in the trunk, with over 60% of all larvae completing their development in the area proximal to the fork in the grapevine.

Hinz, S. E. and J. E. Wright (1991). Naturalis-L: a biological product (Beauvaria bassiana JW-1) for the control of cotton pests. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America 2: 1300-1302.

Kagamizono, T., E. Nishino, et al. (1995). Bassiatin, a new platelet aggregation inhibitor produced by Beauvaria bassania K-717.” Journal of Antibiotics 48(12): 1407-1412.
Bassiatin was isolated from the culture broth of B. bassiana which was obtained from a soil sample collected in Yunnan Province, China. The structure was determined as (3S,6R)-4-methyl-6-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenylmethyl-1,4-perhydrooxazine-2, 5-dione by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and chemical synthesis. Bassiatin inhibited ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets with the IC50 being 1.9x10-4 M.

Macfarlane, R. P. (1976). Fungi associated with Bombinae (Apidae: Hymenoptera) in North America. Mycopathologia 59(1): 41-42.
Eleven genera of fungi were isolated from overwintered queens of six species of Bombinae from Ontario, as well as Penicillium from their nests. Beauvaria, Metarrhizium, Hirsutella and Aspergillus appeared to be pathogenic, based on the reduced survival of their hosts compared with non-infected queens, and on the advanced colonization of their abdomens. This is the first time that Hirsutella and Metarrhizium have been suggested as pathogens of Bombus. R. P. Macfarlane.

Odindo, M. O. (1992). Future prospects for application of insect pathogens as a component of integrated pest management in tropical root crops. Biocontrol science and technology 2(3): 179-191.
Insect pests and phytophagous mites cause a considerable loss to tropical root crops in the field. Major pests include the sweet potato weevil Cylas puncticollis, cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, cassava green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa, yam beetle Heteroligus meles, and taro hornworm Hippotion celerio. Field and laboratory evaluation experiments indicate that entomopathogenic microorganisms may be adequately used in the management of insect and mite pests in root crops. The highest promise probably lies with fungal pathogens (Beauvaria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Entomophthora thaxteriana, and E. parvispora), but bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis), microsporidian (Nosema locustae) nematode (Steinernema feltiae) and even viral (Baculoviruses) pathogens may be exploited in an integrated pest management programme of tropical root crop pests.

Padhye, A. A. (1988). Hyalohyphomycosis. Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases 1: 654-662.
This chapter includes a description of the disease and discussion on aetiological agents, ecology and epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hyalohyphomycosis, due to saprobic moulds with hyaline or lightly coloured cell walls, including species of the genera Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Anixiopsis, Microascus, Pseudallescheria, Coprinus, Schizophyllum, Acremonium, Beauvaria, Cylindrocarpon, Lecythophora, Myriodontium,Penicillium, Scedosporium, Scopulariopsis, Scytalidium, Tritirachium and Volutella, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.

Sachs, S. W., J. Baum, et al. (1985). Beauvaria bassiana keratitis. British Journal of Ophthalmology 69(7): 548-550.
A case is reported in a 64-yr-old man who presented with progressive thinning of the cornea following removal of a foreign body and after treatment with topical antibiotics and corticosteroid. Initial attempts at laboratory identification of an infectious agent were negative. The process progressed to corneal perforation. After a penetrating keratoplasty, histopathological examination of host button tissue showed a fungus, identified as B. bassiana on culture.

Tedders, W. L., D. J. Weaver, et al. (1973). Pecan weevil: suppression of larvae with the fungi Metarrhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana and the nematode Neoaplectana dutkyi. Journal of Economic Entomology 66(3): 723-725.
The effectiveness of the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana and the nematode Neoaplectana dutkyi [cf. RAE/A 61, 2060] in controlling larvae of Curculio caryae (Horn), which infest pecan trees, was evaluated in laboratory and field tests in Georgia. Although pathogenicity varied with isolate, culture technique and method of application, selected soil treatments with the pathogens significantly increased larval mortality in the field within 20 days.

Vesely, D. and D. Koubova (1994). In vitro effect of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. and Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch on phytopathogenic fungi. Ochrana Rostlin 30(2): 113-120.
B. bassiana and B. brongniartii quickly started fructification and induced lysis of phytopathogenic fungi jointly cultured on agar. B. brongniartii more effectively colonized and inhibited growth of phytopathogenic fungi than B. bassiana. Both species were antagonistic to Pythium ultimum, P. debaryanum and Septoria [Leptosphaeria] nodorum, while P. irregulare, Phoma [Pleospora] betae, P. exigua var. foveata and Rhizoctonia solani showed resistance to antagonism by Beauvaria spp. The use of antagonistic properties of Beauveria spp. for control of phytopathogenic fungi is discussed.

Warburg, A. N. I. o. H. B. M. (1991). Entomopathogens of phlebotomine sand flies: laboratory experiments and natural infections. J Invertebr Pathol, Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, Sept 58(2): 189-202.
The susceptibility of different geographical strains of Phlebotomus papatasi to a cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis (CPV) was determined experimentally by feeding polyhedra to larvae. Of the Indian P. papatasi 15.6% became infected, whereas Egyptian P. papatasi were mostly refractory. Infection rates were not augmented in colony flies from the Jordan Valley, 23.8% of which were naturally infected with CPV. The infectivity of Serratia marcescens and Beauvaria bassiana to P. papatasi were determined experimentally. A suspension of B. bassiana spores or S. marcescens bacteria, ingested by P. papatasi in sucrose solution, did not significantly augment mortality rates or reduce the number of eggs oviposited. However, B. bassiana spores smeared on a filter paper constituting 1 or 5% of the surface area available to flies induced 100% mortality of P. papatasi on days 5 and 4, respectively. Mortality in Lutzomyia longipalpis reached 100% on day 4. There were markedly lower mortality rates in the control groups and more eggs were produced by these females (P. papatasi: control = 48.5; experimental = 0.9-1.6 eggs/female; L. longipalpis: control = 17.1: experimental = 0 eggs/female). From wild-caught Colombian Lutzomyia spp., a nonfluorescent pseudomonas, an Entomophthorales fungus, and a Trypanosomatid protozoon (probably Leptomonas) were isolated in culture media. Gregarines (Ascogregarina saraviae) and nematodes (Tylenchida and Spirurida) were also recorded. In laboratory-reared flies, an ectoparasitic fungus was associated with high mortality rates of first instar Lutzomyia spp. larvae. Opportunistic ectoparasitic aggregates of bacteria, yeast, and fungi on the tarsi of colonized L. longipalpis and P. papatasi hindered their mobility and were associated with reduced colony vigor. Aspergillus flavus, B. bassiana and S. marcescens were isolated from laboratory-bred P. papatasi adults.

Wheeler, M. B., G. S. Stuart, et al. (1993). Agglutinin mediated opsonization of fungal blastospores in Melanoplus differentialis (Insecta). Journal of insect physiology 39(6): 477-483.
Agglutinin from hemolymph of the grasshopper Melanoplus differentialis is prepared by affinity absorption to D-galactose- Sepharose followed by elution with EDTA into buffer containing CaCl2. The agglutinin enhances the association of fungal blastospores from Beauvaria bassiana with hemocyte monolayers four- to sixfold. Blastospores from Nomuraea rileyi are not opsonized. The opsonic stimulation occurs when either blastospores or the monolayer is treated with agglutinin prior to incubation. The opsonic activity is greatly reduced (approx. 76%) by alpha-D-methyl galactoside, palatinose and EDTA, all inhibitors of agglutinin carbohydrate binding, and less so (approx. 39%) by agglutinin-specific polyclonal antibody. Trehalose shows no inhibitory effect. In vivo clearance experiments with live insects show that injected B. bassiana blastospores treated with agglutinin are removed from the hemolymph 2.2-fold faster than those not treated. It is concluded that grasshopper agglutinin is an opsonin toward B. bassiana blastospores and acts as a molecular bridge between the fungal cell and the hemocyte. Grasshopper agglutinin appears to have a role in the immuno recognition of this fungus by cells functioning in defense against invading pathogens.
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